Evidence-based posts for clinicians and students covering ABG and VBG interpretation, breathwork, COPD, oxygenation, ventilation, and respiratory education.
Use the PulmTools blog to go deeper on the same topics covered in our calculators, simulators, and bedside tools, with practical clinical explanations and student-friendly breakdowns.
Jump straight from PulmTools articles into the calculators and simulators that match the same topic cluster. This makes the blog feel more like a clinical resource hub instead of a simple post archive.
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High-value PulmTools content hubs and priority clinical guides.
Learn the respiratory compensation rules for acute and chronic respiratory acidosis and alkalosis, and use them to recognize expected bicarbonate shifts and mixed acid-base disorders.
Learn how to calculate the rapid shallow breathing index, understand the classic 105 threshold, and review the real limitations of RSBI as an extubation indicator.
Use this student-focused ABG workflow to memorize the sequence, avoid common mistakes, review normal values, and build practice-ready interpretation skills.
Fresh clinical education, calculators, and respiratory strategy content.
Learn how alveolar ventilation, anatomic dead space, and VD/VT ratio affect CO₂ clearance, bedside ventilation math, and ABG interpretation.
Learn how the ROX index helps assess HFNC response, estimate failure risk, and guide escalation decisions using SpO₂, FiO₂, and respiratory rate.
A clinician-focused guide to inhaled nitric oxide covering the one evidence-based indication, ARDS physiology, V/Q matching, and common off-label uses in critical care.
A practical ICU guide to permissive hypercapnia including pH thresholds, PaCO₂ targets, ventilator adjustments, risks, and ARDS lung-protective strategy.
Understand COPD GOLD groups A, B, and E with symptoms, exacerbation risk, and treatment explained in a clear, step-by-step clinical guide.
Master ABG analysis with a step-by-step guide covering pH, primary disorders, compensation, oxygenation, mixed acid-base disorders, and practice cases.
Learn the major causes of hypoxemia including V/Q mismatch, shunt, diffusion impairment, hypoventilation, and low FiO₂ with clear clinical explanations.
Learn how to calculate and interpret the A–a gradient, what is normal, and how it helps identify causes of hypoxemia like V/Q mismatch, shunt, and diffusion impairment.
Normal VBG ranges for pH, PvCO₂, HCO₃⁻, and PvO₂, plus when VBG is useful and when ABG is required.
Learn how to interpret venous blood gases step-by-step, including normal values, acid-base interpretation, clinical use cases, and when ABG is required.
Learn how to calculate and interpret the P/F ratio with ARDS severity, bedside examples, and clinical use cases.
Learn how to distinguish respiratory vs metabolic acidosis using pH, PaCO₂, and HCO₃⁻, with causes, compensation patterns, and clinical examples.