Clinical
Causes of Hypoxemia Explained
Learn the major causes of hypoxemia including V/Q mismatch, shunt, diffusion impairment, hypoventilation, and low FiO₂ with clear clinical explanations.
8 min readRead article
Respiratory education
The PulmTools Blog
Clear, practical guides for the decisions behind respiratory care. Explore blood gases, oxygenation, ventilation, and more.
Guides for clinicians, respiratory therapists, and students.
The library
Clear filters Search results
2 articles found in #a-a gradient.
Learn, then apply
Put the concepts to work.
Move from a guide to a calculator or practice case when you're ready.
Browse all topics (296)
All topics#a-a gradient#ABG#abg analysis#abg analysis for students#abg analyzer#abg calculator#abg cheat sheet#abg compensation#abg compensation formulas#abg guide for clinicians#abg interpretation#abg interpretation practice#abg interpretation step by step#abg interpretation step by step for students#abg ninja alternative#ABG oxygenation ventilation#abg practice#abg practice questions#abg practice tool#abg simulator#abg step by step#abg workflow#acid base#acid base compensation#acid base disorders#acid base interpretation practice#acid base practice#acid-base#acute vs chronic respiratory acidosis#acute vs chronic respiratory alkalosis#aecopd#age adjusted d dimer#age adjusted d dimer calculator#age adjusted d dimer cutoff#age adjusted d dimer formula#age adjusted d dimer pulmonary embolism#age adjusted d-dimer#airway clearance#alveolar ventilation#anion gap#anion gap calculation#anion gap formula#ards#ARDS#ards hypercapnia management#ards oxygenation strategy#ards peep fio2 table explained#ards permissive hypercapnia#ards ventilator settings#ardsnet peep fio2 table#ardsnet protocol#arterial blood gas#arterial blood gas interpretation#arterial blood gas questions#arterial cord gas interpretation#best resource for abg analysis#best way to learn abg interpretation#birth asphyxia cord gas#breathwork#bronchiectasis#cancer elevated d-dimer#capillary blood gas interpretation#capillary blood gas neonate#capillary blood gas normal values#capillary blood gas vs arterial blood gas#capillary PCO2 neonate#capillary PO2 unreliable#CBG analyzer neonatal#CBG interpretation#CBG vs ABG#CCHD screening oxygen saturation#chest pain pulmonary embolism#co2 clearance#compensation formulas#contrast allergy pulmonary embolism#controlled oxygen#copd#copd classification#copd exacerbation#COPD exacerbation#copd management#COPD oxygen target#cord blood gas base deficit#cord gas interpretation#cord gas normal values#cord gas pH base deficit#critical care#ct pulmonary angiography#ctpa after d dimer#ctpa pregnancy#ctpa pulmonary embolism#ctpa vs vq scan#cystic fibrosis#d dimer age adjustment#d dimer cutoff#d dimer false positives#d dimer interpretation#d dimer pe#d dimer pulmonary embolism#d dimer rule out pe#d dimer test pulmonary embolism#d-dimer false positives#d-dimer interpretation#d-dimer pe#d-dimer pulmonary embolism#dead space#delta delta#delta gap#delta gap formula#ductal shunting newborn oxygen saturation#dvt symptoms#dyspnea pulmonary embolism#education#elevated d dimer causes#elevated d-dimer causes#extubation readiness#false positive d dimer#false positive d-dimer#fetal acidemia calculator#gold groups#guidelines#heel stick blood gas interpretation#hemoptysis pulmonary embolism#hfnc#hfnc failure risk#high d dimer causes#high d-dimer causes#high flow nasal cannula#high peep low fio2 table#how to interpret an abg#how to interpret an abg for students#hrv#hypercapnia#hypoxemia#hypoxemia pulmonary embolism#hypoxemia vs hypoventilation#infection elevated d-dimer#inflammation elevated d-dimer#inhaled nitric oxide#iNO#low peep high fio2 table#low risk pulmonary embolism#low tidal volume ventilation#lung protective ventilation#mechanical ventilation#mechanical ventilation PRVC#metabolic acidosis#metabolic vs respiratory compensation#mixed acid base#mixed acid base disorders#nebulized hypertonic saline#negative d dimer pulmonary embolism#neonatal acidemia cord gas#neonatal blood gas interpretation#neonatal CBG interpretation#neonatal oxygenation#newborn capillary blood gas#newborn cord gas interpretation#newborn pulse oximetry screening#niv#older adults d dimer#oxygenation#oxygenation versus ventilation#oxygenation vs ventilation#p/f ratio#p/f ratio formula#p/f ratio normal range#paco2 targets ventilator#pao2 fio2 ratio#PaO2 vs PaCO2#pe diagnostic algorithm#pe imaging#pe likely#pe pathway#pe rule out#pe rule out pathway#pe symptoms#pe unlikely#pe wells score#pediatric capillary blood gas#peep fio2 ladder#peep fio2 table#perc criteria#perc d dimer#perc pulmonary embolism#perc rule#perc rule algorithm#perc rule calculator#perc rule pulmonary embolism#perc vs wells#perinatal hypoxia cord gas#permissive hypercapnia#permissive hypercapnia explained#permissive hypercapnia icu guide#permissive hypercapnia ventilator strategy#persistent pulmonary hypertension newborn#pleuritic chest pain pulmonary embolism#positive d dimer#positive d dimer pulmonary embolism#positive d-dimer#PPHN preductal postductal difference#pre and post ductal SpO2 newborn#preductal postductal oxygenation newborn#preductal vs postductal saturation#pregnancy elevated d-dimer#pressure regulated volume control#PRVC explained#PRVC failure#PRVC pitfalls#PRVC respiratory therapy#PRVC ventilator mode#pulmonary embolism clinical presentation#pulmonary embolism d dimer#pulmonary embolism diagnosis#pulmonary embolism diagnosis algorithm#pulmonary embolism diagnostic algorithm#pulmonary embolism evaluation#pulmonary embolism imaging#pulmonary embolism risk stratification#pulmonary embolism rule out#pulmonary embolism rule out criteria#pulmonary embolism symptoms#pulmonary embolism wells score#pulmonary embolism workup#pulmonary vasodilator#rapid shallow breathing index#renal failure pulmonary embolism imaging#respiratory compensation#respiratory compensation rules#respiratory failure ABG interpretation#respiratory physiology#respiratory rate#respiratory therapy#reverse differential cyanosis#rox index#rsbi calculator#rsbi extubation criteria#shortness of breath pulmonary embolism#signs of pulmonary embolism#spontaneous breathing trial#suspected pe workup#symptoms of pulmonary embolism#syncope pulmonary embolism#tachycardia pulmonary embolism#two tier wells score#umbilical arterial vs venous cord gas#umbilical cord blood gas#umbilical cord gas interpretation#unilateral leg swelling pe#V/Q matching#vagus nerve#VBG#vbg analyzer#vbg calculator#vbg interpretation#vbg practice#vbg practice questions#vbg simulator#vd vt ratio#venous blood gas#venous cord gas interpretation#venous thromboembolism diagnosis#venous thromboembolism symptoms#ventilation efficiency#ventilation perfusion scan#ventilation vs oxygenation ABG#ventilator modes PRVC#ventilator strategy#ventilator weaning#vq scan pregnancy#vq scan pulmonary embolism#wells criteria pulmonary embolism#wells score#wells score algorithm#wells score calculator#wells score d dimer#wells score greater than 4#wells score interpretation#wells score less than or equal to 4#wells score pe#wells score pe likely#wells score pe unlikely#wells score pulmonary embolism#wells score two tier#wells score vs perc#what is PRVC#winter's formula#years algorithm#years algorithm pulmonary embolism#years criteria#years d dimer#years d dimer threshold#years d-dimer#years d-dimer threshold#years pe#years pulmonary embolism