ECMO Referral-Risk Workflow

Contraindication screening for ECMO consultation

ECMO Contraindications Checklist for referral discussions

Screen major and relative contraindication concerns before ECMO referral discussions, including neurologic injury, bleeding, anticoagulation limitations, prolonged injurious ventilation, frailty, and multiorgan failure.

This tool supports referral discussion only. It does not determine ECMO candidacy. Final decisions require the receiving ECMO center and local protocol.

Step 01
Screen major and relative contraindication concerns
Step 02
Generate a concise ECMO handoff summary
Guardrail
Referral support only, not candidacy determination

Step 01

ECMO contraindication screen

Mark each concern as no concern, relative concern, or major concern. Use this to structure referral discussion, not to accept or reject ECMO.

No Concern

10

Relative

0

Major

0

1

Irreversible disease / non-recoverable condition

Underlying disease process is unlikely to recover or bridge to a meaningful destination despite extracorporeal support.

No contraindication concern selected for this item.

2

Severe neurologic injury

Known or suspected devastating neurologic injury, poor neurologic prognosis, or inability to meaningfully assess neurologic status.

No contraindication concern selected for this item.

3

Active uncontrolled bleeding

Bleeding that may worsen with cannulation, circuit anticoagulation, platelet dysfunction, or ECMO-associated coagulopathy.

No contraindication concern selected for this item.

4

Contraindication to anticoagulation

Severe bleeding risk, recent hemorrhage, intracranial bleeding concern, or other reason anticoagulation may be unsafe.

No contraindication concern selected for this item.

5

Prolonged high-pressure mechanical ventilation

Extended exposure to injurious ventilator pressures before referral may reduce expected benefit from VV ECMO.

No contraindication concern selected for this item.

6

Severe frailty / advanced physiologic age

Frailty, poor baseline functional status, or physiologic reserve may limit recovery even when chronological age alone is not absolute.

No contraindication concern selected for this item.

7

Severe multiorgan failure

Progressive shock, severe renal/hepatic failure, refractory acidosis, or multiple failing systems may alter ECMO risk-benefit.

No contraindication concern selected for this item.

8

Profound immunosuppression

Severe immunosuppression, uncontrolled malignancy, or profound host-factor risk may affect candidacy depending on center protocol.

No contraindication concern selected for this item.

9

Goals-of-care concern

Patient goals, surrogate understanding, code status, or acceptable outcomes are unclear or may not align with ECMO burden.

No contraindication concern selected for this item.

10

Other center-specific limitation

Local ECMO program criteria, transfer feasibility, cannulation constraints, resource limitations, or diagnosis-specific concerns.

No contraindication concern selected for this item.

What are ECMO contraindications?

ECMO contraindications are clinical factors that may reduce expected benefit, increase procedural risk, complicate anticoagulation, or make recovery unlikely. They are best treated as discussion points with an ECMO center rather than isolated yes-or-no rules.

Absolute vs relative contraindications

Some concerns may be major in one clinical context and relative in another. Bleeding risk, age, frailty, neurologic status, and multiorgan failure often require center-specific interpretation and multidisciplinary review.

Why contraindications differ between ECMO centers

ECMO programs vary in case volume, cannulation capability, transplant pathways, anticoagulation strategy, specialty support, transport resources, and local protocols. Early consultation helps clarify whether a concern is modifiable, relative, or prohibitive for that center.

Why prolonged injurious ventilation matters

Longer exposure to high plateau pressure, high driving pressure, severe ventilator-induced lung injury risk, or prolonged pre-referral ventilation may reduce the likelihood of benefit from VV ECMO. This is why early referral discussion matters in severe ARDS.

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